Ngezinsiza zamabhethri eziqinile zifika, uzobe ulungele ukuthenga imoto kagesi?

Ezinsukwini ezedlulelayo, kwathi esihlokweni esithi "Uhulumeni Uqinisekisa Ukunwetshwa Kwezinsiza Zonyaka Olandelayo—Izindaba Ezingcono Kubathengi Bezimoto" esashicilelwa ngu-Automotive Commons, kwakhulunywa ukuthi "ngokunwetshwa kwemigomo yezinsiza, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto ezinamandla amasha ngo-2026 kungase kungabi mubi kakhulu." Nokho, ngokuphambene nombono ojwayelekile wokuthi izinsiza zizokhuthaza ukusetshenziswa, abathengi abambalwa bahamba ngendlela ephambene. Abafundi abaningi baveze imibono efana nokuthi, "Ngizokwenza kahle uma ngithenga imoto kagesi kuphela uma iza namabhethri e-solid-state."

Ekuqaleni, lezi zinkulumo zingase zabe zikhishwa njengezisho ezijwayelekile. Kodwa ngemva kwezivivinyo eziningi nezinkulumo, kutholakale ukuthi inani elibalulekile labantu abangenayo imoto baphinde balindele ukuthi ubuchwepheshe be-battery ye-solid-state buqaliswe ngaphambi kokucabanga ukuthenga. Omunye ophendulayo uthe, "Ngihamba amakhilomitha angaphezu kwama-40 nsuku zonke, ngakho ngidinga imoto. Nokho, ngemva kweminyaka emithathu yokusebenzisa, ibanga lemoto zikagesi zamanje lingancipha ngama-20%, futhi ukufaka ibhethri kungabiza cishe uhhafu price yemoto entsha. Njengoba isidingo sami singaphuthumi, ngithanda ukulinda kuze kube ubuchwepheshe bukhula."

Kubantu laba, ukuthenga imoto akusiyo into ephuthumayo, futhi ukuhoxisa isinqumo kubonakala kunengqondo. Nakuba ibanga le-bhathri lithuthuke, ukukhathazeka ngendawo kusekhona. Uma ukusebenza kwe-bhathri kwehla, abanikazi babhekana nokukhetha okunobunzima phakathi kwezindleko eziphezulu zokushintsha ibhathri kanye nenani eliphansi lokuthengisa imoto kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahemuhemu mayelana ne-bhathri ezinzile ezizokwethulwa engxenyeni yesibili ka-2025 akhuthaze abaningi ukuba bathathe indlela yokulinda.

Empeleni, lezi "zisebenzi" ziyaqhubeka zikhula zibe amandla abalulekile emakethe—azikho ngaphandle kwesidingo semoto kodwa zilinde ngokubekezela ukuphumelela kwezobuchwepheshe okubalulekile. Isibonelo, eminyakeni edlule, zazilinde ukuphumelela kokuhamba kwezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi okungaphezu kwe-500 km kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuphepha kwamabhethri. Muva nje, ziye zakhathalela ukwanda kwezinsiza zokuthenga. Noma kunjalo, zihlala zithola izizathu zokubambezela ukuthenga noma zokulinda ukuthi ubuchwepheshe obusha bukhule.

Futhi njengamanje, ugxile kakhulu kumabhethri e-solid-state.

Ngonyaka ongenhla, abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi baveze ngqo noma ngokuqondile izinhlelo zabo zokuthuthukisa nokukhiqiza amabhathri e-solid-state. Isibonelo, i-MG, ngaphansi kwe-SAIC Motor, yavuma emcimbini weGuangzhou Auto Show ngoNovemba ukuthi i-MG4 izobe ifakwe amabhathri e-solid-state. I-GAC Group nayo yavuma ngoNovemba ukuthi yakhe umugqa wokuqala wokukhiqiza wezivivinyo eChina wamabhathri e-all-solid-state anomthamo omkhulu, inezinhlelo zokuwasebenzisa kumamodeli e-Hyper ngonyaka ka-2026.

Ngaphandle kwabakhi bezimoto, izinkampani zamabhethri kagesi ezifana neGotion High-Tech zikhulume nokuqhubeka. Le nkampani ibike ukuthi amabhethri ayo akhiwe ngokwakhe, ama-semi-solid-state, ase completed ukuhlolwa kwezimoto zangempela ezimodelini eziningi, efinyelela ku-300 Wh/kg. Izimoto ezihlinzekwe ngale mibhethri zingafinyelela ibanga elingaphezu kwe-1,000 km, ngokukhiqizwa okukhulu okulindeleke ngaphakathi konyaka.

Kusukela ocwaningweni lwelebhu kuya ekutshalweni kwemali okusheshayo embonini, futhi kusekelwe ngokuqinile ngokukhuthazwa kwemigomo, zonke izinyathelo ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri e-solid-state zikhange umqondo wabatyali bezimali, abathengi, kanye nezinkampani ezihlobene. Isibonelo, lapho i-SAIC Motor iveza ukuthi isizukulwane sayo esisha samabhethri e-solid-state silindeleke ukuba sikhishwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngo-2026, intengo yesitoko yenkampani yakhuphuka, futhi umkhakha wamabhethri e-solid-state nawo wabona inzuzo enkulu.

Le mizwa yemakethe ayigcini nje ngokugqamisa inani lesu lamabhethri e-solid-state ekushintsheni amandla nasekuthuthukiseni imboni yezimoto kodwa futhi ibonisa isigaba esibalulekile sokuthuthukiswa kwetekhnoloji. Amathuba ayo amakhulu kanye namandla akhula ngokushesha abe yisivumelwano kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwemboni.

Kubathengi, izinzuzo zamabhethri e-solid-state zixazulula amaphuzu ambalwa abuhlungu bezimoto zikagesi zamanje:

Amabhethri e-solid-state asebenzisa ama-electrolyte aqinile, anikeza amandla amakhulu aphindwe kabili kuya kathathu kunezinhlelo zamanje zamabhethri amanzi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphakathi kwendawo efanayo, ubude be-500–1,000 km bungafinyelelwa. Izinkampani ezifana neToyota neCATL zibeke ukuphula leli thafa njengomgomo obalulekile wezobuchwepheshe.

: Ama-electrolyte aqinile awashisi, asusa ngokuphelele ingozi yokuphuma kokushisa. Ahlezi ehlala ezinzile ngisho nasemazingeni aphakeme afana nokuphuka noma ukujula, isici esikhangayo kakhulu kubathengi abakhathazekile ngempilo.

Amabhethri e-solid-state akhombisa ukuzinza okuphezulu kokuphindaphinda, nedatha ye-lab ikhombisa izimpilo eziphakathi kwezikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezine ezide kunezibhethri zendabuko. Lokhu kunganciphisa isidingo sokushintsha amabhethri phakathi kokuphila kwemoto futhi kuthuthukise inani lokuthengisa lemoto ezisebenzisiwe zikagesi.

Ngenxa yalezi zinzuzo, amabhethri e-solid-state—ngisho ngaphambi kokwamukelwa kwawo ngamasheya—asevele abhekwa njengento ebalulekile ekusheshiseni ukwamukelwa kwemoto zikagesi futhi kungenzeka kushintshe umkhakha wamabhethri kagesi.

Naphezu kwezinsiza zazo, indlela yokwenza izibhamu eziqinile zibe yizimpahla ayihambi kahle.

Okokuqala, udaba lwezindleko. Izinto eziyisisekelo zamabhethri e-solid-state—ikakhulukazi ama-sulfide electrolytes—zenza u-60%–80% wezindleko zebhethri jikelele. Ukuhlaziywa kwezimboni kukhombisa ukuthi noma ngabe kukhona ukukhiqizwa okwandisiwe, izindleko zokuqala zizohlala ziphakeme kakhulu kunezama-lithium-ion ajwayelekile. Lokhu kuthintwa kwezindleko kuzokwehla kuqala kubahlinzeki, bese kuba kubakhiqizi bezimoto, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi kugcinwe kubathengi, okungenzeka kukhuphule intengo yezimoto ezihlinzekwe ngamabhethri e-solid-state ngaphezu kuka-30%.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudlulela esigabeni sokukhiqiza kusuka elabhorethri kuhilela ukunqoba izithiyo ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe. URobin Zeng, uSihlalo we-CATL, uqokomisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bebhathri obuphelele bukhona kuphela ezingeni lesi-4 kwezi-9. Izinselelo ezibalulekile zifaka phakathi ukuzinza kwezinto eziphilayo ezinzima, ukusebenza kahle kokuhamba kwe-ion okuphansi ngenxa yokuxhumana okunganele phakathi kwezinto eziqinile, kanye nenhlekelele yokuthi ama-lithium dendrites angaphenya ungqimba lwe-electrolyte. Nakuba izixazululo zikhona ezimeni ze-laboratory, ukuhambisana nokwethembeka ekukhiqizeni okukhulu kusemkhakheni ongaziwa, okwenza ukuhweba okukhulu kungabi nenselelo esikhathini esifushane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba amabhethri e-solid-state ebonakala ethuthukisa ukushaja okusheshayo, izicelo ezisebenzayo zikhawulelwe yizici ezifana nokuphathwa kokushisa kanye nokuphazamiseka kokuxhumana. Imikhiqizo esivele iboniswe ayikakwenzi kahle ukuveza inzuzo ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kokushaja okusheshayo—umqondo obalulekile wokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzisi nsuku zonke.

Ub faced with consumer anticipation, abenzi bezimoto bathola isimo esinzima. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumele baphathe ingcindezi yokugcina impahla yemodeli zikagesi ezikhona, ikakhulukazi emakethe lapho ukwandiswa kwezinsiza kuhambisana nokwehluka kokwazisa kwabathengi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abakhiqizi bashesha ukuveza amamephu okwakhiwa kwamabhethri ashukumisayo ukuze bagweme ukuwa emuva emncintiswaneni wezobuchwepheshe olandelayo. Ukuphindaphinda kokwaziswa kwemikhankaso yokukhiqiza amabhethri ashukumisayo kanye namabhethri aphakathi ashukumisayo ngababengama-automakers abakhulu kukhuphule okulindelwe emakethe futhi kwandisa izimo zokulinda zabathengi. Umuntu ongaphakathi embonini uvumile, "Siyazi ukuthi abanye abathengi balindele amabhethri ashukumisayo, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezohwebo okwandile kuzothatha okungenani iminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu. Ngaleso sikhathi, kumele sikhangele ukubakhanga ngenani lobuchwepheshe bamanje."

Ngokwe "abaphathi," nokho, ukulinda kuza nezindleko zayo - ukuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe akupheli. Ngaphandle kwamabhethri e-solid-state, ukuthuthuka kwesikhathi esizayo kungabandakanya amabhethri e-lithium-air, amabhethri e-sodium-ion, nezinye izobuchwepheshe. Ukulinda njalo "into enkulu elandelayo" kungasho ukuthi ungakaze wenze isinqumo sokuthenga.

Okwamanje, imakethe ibonakala inikeza izixazululo zokuhlanganyela kulabo abadinga imoto kodwa abangafuni ukulinda isikhathi eside. Amabhethri asemi-solid-state ayaqhamuka njengobuchwepheshe bokudlulela phambili, futhi amamodeli okuphathwa kwamabhethri avumela abathengi ukuba bagweme ubungozi bokwehla kwekhwalithi kwamabhethri nokwehla kwenani.

Ekugcineni, isinqumo sokuthenga noma sokulinda sincike ezidingweni zomuntu siqu. Njengoba abanye abantu be-inthanethi bephawula, "Labo abakulungele ukuthenga bazothenga nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, kanti labo abakhetha ukulinda bangase bangalahlekelwa." Noma iyiphi inketho, imakethe izoqhubeka nokuzivumelanisa futhi ihlinzeke ngempendulo.

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