Uchungechunge Lwenqubo Yokukhiqiza Amaphakethe: Imisebenzi Eyinhloko, Isakhiwo Sesistimu, kanye Nesakhiwo Sehadiwe se-Battery Pack BMS

Zombili izipakethe zebhethri zamandla nezipakethe zebhethri zokugcina amandla ngokuvamile ziqukethe amaselula amaningi noma amakhulu. Ukuphatha inani elikhulu kangaka lamaleli, i-Battery Management System (BMS) isibe ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile obungenakugwenywa.

Kungashiwo ukuthi i-BMS "ubuchopho" bephakethe lebhethri. Imisebenzi yayo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzi nebhethri, ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla noma zokugcina amandla, nokwelula impilo yebhethri.

01 Imisebenzi Eyinhloko ye-BMS

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-BMS ukuqapha i-voltage yebhethri, izinga lokushisa, kanye ne-current ngesikhathi sangempela, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwebhethri nge-State of Charge (SOC) estimation kanye nokulawula ukulinganisa, kuyilapho futhi inemisebenzi yokuvikela amaphutha njengokuvikela i-overvoltage, i-overcurrent, kanye ne-overtemperature.

Ukulinganisa isimo samaseli kuwumsebenzi oyinhloko we-BMS. Ukufeza lo msebenzi kudinga i-chip ye-Analog Front-End (AFE) (yokuqoqwa kukagesi), izinzwa ze-Hall (yokuqoqwa kwamanje), izinzwa ze-NTC (yokuqoqwa kwezinga lokushisa), nezinye izinzwa (zokuqoqwa kwengcindezi yegesi, intuthu, njll.).

Ngemuva kokuqoqa amasiginali, ahlanganiswa namamodeli e-electrochemical kanye nezingqikithi zokulinganisa ezithuthukile (njenge-Extended Kalman Filter, i-Sliding Mode Observer, njll.) ukulinganisa i-State of Charge (SOC), i-State of Health (SOH), i-State of Power (SOP), i-State of Energy (SOE), kanye ne-State of Safety (SOS) yesibhamu ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ngokusekelwe kulezi zimiso zesimo,

a) Ngokwakho iphakethe lebhethri:

I-BMS ilawula futhi iphathe ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla okushaja nokukhipha ibhethri, ikhawula isikhathi sokushaja/ukukhipha, futhi ihlanganyela ngemiyalezo yokulawula, ukuxhumana, nemisebenzi yokuxilonga ukuze kufezeke ukuphathwa okuphumelelayo kwesimo sangaphakathi sebhethri.

b) Ezinhlelweni zangaphandle:

Ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi yokuxhumana nokuxilonga, i-BMS idlulisa ulwazi olubalulekile lwesimo nemiyalezo yokulawula emotweni kanye nesishaja, iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuhlangene phakathi kwebhethri kanye nezinhlelo zangaphandle.

02 Uhlelo Lokwakhiwa lwe-BMS

(1) Izinhlelo Ezimaphakathi Nezihlakazekile

I-BMS emaphakathi ihlanganisa izimodyuli ezintathu ezisebenza - i-Cell Monitoring Unit (CMC), i-High Voltage Monitoring Unit (HVMU), kanye ne-Battery Management Unit (BMU) - kwi-circuit board eyodwa noma ku-controller eyodwa edidiyelwe, yakha isakhiwo esithi "single-point control".

I-BMS emaphakathi ibanga isakhiwo esihlangene sesistimu, ukuncipha kwezintambo, indawo encane, kanye nezindleko ezincane kakhulu sezizonke. Noma kunjalo, njengoba izimodyuli eziphakeme neziphansi kakhulu zisebhodini elilodwa le-circuit, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kunikezwe ukuvikeleka kukagesi kanye nezinga lokuphepha.

I-BMS esatshalaliswe ngayo idlulisela umsebenzi wokuthola phansi kumamojuli webhethri ngamanye. Amayunithi Okulawula Aseceleni Amaningi (ama-CMC) athola ukulinganisa okusatshalaliswe kanye nokucubungula kwedatha kwangaphambili, kanti iYunithi Yokulawula Eyinhloko (i-BMU/BCU) iyingxenye yokuphatha kwesistimu kanye nokuhlela, okwakha isakhiwo esithi "ukuthola amaphuzu amaningi, ukucubungula okugxilisiwe". Lokhu kungahlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlelo zebhethri ezinkulu, njengeziteshi eziningi zokuthola kanye nokubekwa kwamamojuli ahlakazekile.

Njengoba kubonakala esithombeni esingenhla, isakhiwo esisatshalaliswe ngempela sengeza isendlalelo sezinhlelo zokuphatha ezingaphansi maphakathi. Lezi zinhlelo ezincane ziqondiswa ekutholeni ulwazi oluvela ezingxenyeni zamaseli, bese ziyilobela ngebhasi ebhodini lokulawula le-BMS. Ibhodi lokulawula le-BMS bese lisebenzisa izinyathelo zokuvikela ezibanzi, izibalo zesimo sokushajwa, neminye imisebenzi yokuphatha ngokusekelwe kulwazi olubikiwe.

Ngokulula nje, kufana nesakhiwo sokuhlela senkampani. Lapho inani labantu likhuphuka, ukuphathwa okuyisicaba kuba yinto engathembekile ezinhlemi zokuphatha amabhethri ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwabelana umthwalo webhodi lokuphatha eliyinhloko, eminye imisebenzi eyisisekelo inikezwa amamojuli e-CSC (Cell Supervision Circuits) ukuze kuphathwe ngokunikezwa ilungelo.

I-BMS esakazekile ingahlukaniswa ngokuqhubekayo ibe: Esakazekile Uhlobo Lwenkanyezi, Esakazekile Uhlobo Lwebhasi, kanye Nokusakazeka Okuyilayini Lwezintambo.

Esakazekile Uhlobo Lwenkanyezi: I-BMU itholakala maphakathi, ne-CMC ngayinye ixhunywe ngqo ku-BMU nge-link yokuxhumana ezimele. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza izixhumanisi zokuxhumana ezizimele ezinekhono eliqinile lokulwa nokuphazamiseka. Kodwa-ke, sidinga imojuli yokuhlanganisa ibhasi, okwenza ukuphathwa kwezintambo kanye ne-interface kube nzima kancane.

Bus-type Distributed: Ama-CMC amaningi axhumana ne-BMU nge-CAN bus (okwamanje iyindlela yokuxhumana ye-BMS esetshenziswa kakhulu). Njengoba wonke ama-CMC ahlanganyela ibhasi, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla phakathi kwama-node kulinganisela kahle. Noma kunjalo, uhlelo luthembele kakhulu empilweni yebhasi; uma ibhasi yehluleka, ukuxhumana okuphelele kungase kuphazamiseke.

Daisy-chain Distributed: Ama-CMC amaningi axhunywa ngokulandelana echungechungeni, ngedatha edluliswa isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ngesixhumanisi kuya ku-BMU. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza isixhumanisi sokuxhumana esilula, songa izinsiza zocingo. Ifanele izinhlelo ezinama-module amaningi kanye nesakhiwo sebhethri esihlelwe kahle.

(2) Ukuhlelwa Kwemisebenzi

Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlelwa, ukukala, nokwethembeka okuphezulu, i-BMS ingahlukaniswa izendlalelo ezintathu, njengoba kukhonjiswe esithombeni esingezansi.

a) Isendlalelo Somzimba: Sibhekele ukuthola izimo zangaphandle ezilinganisekayo ngqo ngesikhathi ibhethri lisebenza, njengombane (voltage), ukugeleza kukagesi (current), izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu, njll., sihlinzeka ngedatha esekela izendlalelo eziphakeme.

b) Isendlalelo Senhliziyo: Sibhekele ukubala izimo zebhethri ezingalinganiseki ngaphakathi ngokusebenzisa amamodeli nezinqubo, njenge-SOC (isimo sokushajwa) nezinga lokushisa lamaseli angaphakathi. Leli yingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu.

c) Isendlalelo Sokuphatha: Sisebenzisa ulwazi lwesimo sangaphakathi olunikezwa yisendlalelo senhliziyo ukuze siphumelele ekuphathweni okufanele kokushajwa/ukukhishwa kwebhethri kanye nokubikezela izimo zokusebenza zesikhathi esizayo, siqinisekisa ukusebenza kwebhethri okuphephile nokusebenza kahle.

03 Isakhiwo Sehadiwe se-BMS

Isakhiwo sehadiwe le-BMS siyisithwali esingokoqobo semisebenzi yaso. Umklamo wehadiwe uthinta ngqo ukunemba, ukwethembeka, kanye nezindleko zesistimu. Umklamo ojwayelekile wehadiwe le-BMS usebenzisa isakhiwo esihlakazekile, esihlanganisa ikakhulukazi i-Master Control Unit (BMU), i-Slave Control Units (CSCs), amanethiwekhi enzwa, nemijikelezo yokusebenza/yokuvikela.

(1) Iyunithi Yokulawula Eyinhloko

I-Main Control MCU: Iphrosesa elisebenza kakhulu elisekela ileveli yokuphepha komsebenzi ye-ASIL-D.

Inkumbulo: Inkumbulo ye-Flash igcina ukucushwa kwepharamitha kanye nezingodo zamaphutha; i-RAM isetshenziselwa ukugcina idatha yesikhathi sangempela.

Ukunikezwa Amandla Okuhlukanisiwe: Kunikeza amandla ku-BMU ngemodyuli yokuhlukanisa ye-DC/DC (ivoltage yokufaka ivame ukuba yi-12V/24V, okuphumayo kube yi-3.3V/5V).

Izindawo Zokuxhumana: Izithwali ze-CAN, ama-chip e-Ethernet PHY.

(2) Amayunithi Okulawula Angaphansi

Ama-AFE Chips: Ama-chip e-Analog Front-End akhethekile wokuqapha amaseli axhunywe ngokulandelana.

I-Voltage Sampling Circuit: I-Multiplexer switch + i-ADC enembayo, isebenzisa i-differential sampling ukunciphisa umsindo.

I-Temperature Acquisition Circuit: I-NTC thermistor + i-voltage divider network, noma izinzwa zokushisa zedijithali.

I-Balancing Circuit: I-Passive balancing: I-MOSFET + i-power resistor; I-Active balancing: I-Bidirectional DC/DC noma amaqoqo we-capacitor.

(3) Izinzwa

I-Hall Sensors: Ukulinganisa okungaxhunywanga, ukunemba ±0.5% (okusetshenziselwa ukuthola isikhathi esiphelele).

I-Shunt Resistors: Isixazululo esishibhile sokuthola isikhathi, sifinyelela ukunemba ±0.5% lapho sibhanqwe ne-differential amplifier.

I-Temperature Sensors: Izinsiza ze-NTC/PTC ezibekwe ezindaweni ezibalulekile njengobuso bamangqamuzana, izinduku zamabhasi, nezindawo zokushisa.

(4) I-Actuation and Protection Circuits

Ama-relay nesekethe lokushaja kuqala:

Ama-relay amakhulu: Ama-relay e-DC aphezulu alawula isekethe lokushaja/lokukhipha ibhethri.

Isekethe lokushaja kuqala: Lisebenzisa i-resistor yokushaja kuqala + i-contactor ukuze kuqale kahle, livimbele ukungena kwamanje okukhulu lapho kuvulwa ugesi.

Ama-fuse nama-circuit breaker:

I-fuse enkulu: Uhlobo olusebenza ngokushesha ukuze kuvikelwe amaphutha esifunda esifushane.

Ukuvikelwa kwesibili: Ama-fuse angasethwa kabusha (PPTC) ukuze kuvinjwe ukungena kwamanje okuningi endaweni ethile.