Igama eliyisihluthulelo emakethe yezimoto ka-2025: Ibhethri Eliqinile (Solid-State Battery)

Ngo-2025, emkhakheni wezimoto ezisebenzisa amandla amasha, amabhethri aqinile (solid-state batteries) ngokungangabazeki abe yinkanyezi ekhazimulayo.

Iminyaka eminingi, amabhethri aqinile ayengakaze adlule emkhakheni wokukhulunywa ngawo kuphela, ayevinjelwe ocwaningweni lwelebhu noma ayengasetshenziswa njengezinto ezikhangayo emihlanganweni yezinkampani zezimoto ukuze zikhangwe. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2025, ubuchwepheshe buphule imingcele yabo futhi ngempela bathatha isinyathelo esibalulekile kusuka kumamodeli kuya emikhiqizweni, kusuka ekubonisweni kuya ekukhiqizweni ngobuningi.

Ngo-Okthoba 2025, i-CCTV News yabika ukuthi ososayensi baseShayina benze impumelelo enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe bebhethri le-solid-state lithium-metal, baphumelela ukuxazulula izinselelo ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kwebhethri. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amabanga amabhethri e-solid-state kulindeleke ukuthi aqhamuke kusuka kumamaki angaphambili angu-500 km nge-100 kg yebhethri ukuze adlule umkhawulo we-1,000 km.

Iqembu labacwaningi eliholwa nguHuang Xuejie ovela e-Institute of Physics e-Chinese Academy of Sciences, ngokubambisana namaqembu avela e-Huazhong University of Science and Technology kanye ne-Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, lithuthukise ubuchwepheshe "bokuzilungisa" obusekelwe kuma-ion e-iodine. Ngesikhathi ibhethri lisebenza, ama-ion e-iodine akha isikhombimsebenzisi esicebile nge-iodine ngaphansi komkhakha kagesi, igcwalisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izikhala namachwephu phakathi kwe-electrode ne-electrolyte njengesihlabathi esihambayo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kususa ngokuphelele ukuncika ezintweni zangaphandle ezidinga umfutho omkhulu, kuxazulula inkinga enkulu evimbela ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwamabhethri aqinile. Ngaleso sikhathi, amanye amaqembu abacwaningi aqhubekile nokuqhubekisela phambili izinto ezintsha ekuguquguqukeni nasekuvikelekeni.

Ngokudlulela ngaphezu kwezinto zokukhiqiza, abakhiqizi bamabhethri abaphakathi kanye nezinkampani ezinkulu zezimoto ezintsha zamandla nazo ziqinise imizamo yazo kule ndawo.

Ngokukhethekile, i-CATL yamukele isu lokuthi "ukulandela i-semi-solid-state kuqala ngenkathi ilungisa ubuchwepheshe be-all-solid-state" endaweni yebhethri ye-solid-state. Amabhethri ayo e-condensed semi-solid-state afike ekukhiqizweni okukhulu ngobuningi ngoQ1 2025, futhi umugqa wokuqala womhlaba wokuhlola ibhethri ye-sulfide all-solid-state waqala ukusebenza eHefei ngoMeyi ngonyaka odlule, neziphakamiso zokukhiqiza okuncane ngobuningi ngo-2027. Ngo-Okthoba 2025, iSunwoda yethula ibhethri yayo ye-polymer solid-state "Xinbixiao", nomugqa wokuhlola ibhethri ye-all-solid-state engu-0.2 GWh okulindeleke ukuthi uqedwe ngoMashi kulo nyaka, okuhlosiwe futhi ukukhiqiza okuncane ngobuningi ngo-2027.

Phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezimoto ezintsha zamandla, ubuchwepheshe bebhethri le-Changan Automobile eliyi-"Golden Bell Cover" eliqinile selusuka elabhorethri laya ekuqinisekisweni ezimotweni zangempela, necebo lokungena ekuqinisekisweni kokuhlanganiswa kwezimoto ngo-2026 nokuthola ukukhiqizwa okukhulu ngokushesha ngo-2027. I-Geely Auto ihlose ukuqedela ukuqinisekiswa kwezimoto ezinebhethri eliqinile ngo-2026, kulandelwe ukukhiqizwa okukhulu ngokushesha ngo-2027. I-SAIC Motor igcizelele ohlelweni lwayo lwezimoto ezintsha zango-2026 ukuthi amabhethri aqinile azodlula ekuhlolweni kwezimoto zamaphroto ngaphakathi konyaka. Njengamanje, uhlobo lwe-MG4 olunezingxenye zebhethri eliqinile i-"Anxin" seluvele lukhishiwe. I-GAC Group imemezele ngoNovemba nyakenye ukuthi ibihola phambili ekwakheni umugqa wokuqala wokukhiqiza amabhethri aqinile anomthamo omkhulu eChina. Ngo-2026, amamodeli ayo ohlobo lwe-Hyper kulindeleke ukuthi afakwe ngokuphelele amabhethri aqinile, nokukhiqizwa okukhulu okuzophuma kancane phakathi kuka-2027 no-2030.

Ngokwesikhathi, izinhlelo eziningi zezinkampani zezimoto zokuhlanganisa izimoto ezisebenzisa amabhethri aqinile zigxile phakathi kuka-2026 no-2030. Izinkomba ezahlukahlukene zibonisa ukuthi umncintiswano wokuncintisana ngamabhethri aqinile usuqalile ngokuthula phakathi kwezinkampani ezinkulu zezimoto. Lokhu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzosheshisa ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwamabhethri aqinile.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi amabhethri e-solid-state afaka izinto ezingashisi futhi ezingadli izinto ezifana ne-electrolyte eyi-solid electrolyte esikhundleni sama-electrolyte ayo olwamanzi ashunqayo, okususa ngokuphelele ubungozi obufana nokuvuza, ukushona, nokuqhuma. Ngisho nasezindaweni ezinzima njengokushisa okuphezulu, ukucindezela, noma ukugwazwa, ahlala eqinile, eqinisekisa ukuphepha okuyisisekelo futhi anciphisa kakhulu ubungozi bokubanga ukushisa okungazelelwe. Ngenxa yokuqiniseka kwawo okuhle kakhulu, amabhethri e-solid-state angasebenzisa i-lithium yensimbi njenge-anode, enikeza u-10x amandla amandla uma kuqhathaniswa ne-graphite anodes yamanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sawo esiqinile sibangela imiphumela emincane, ngaleyo ndlela sandise impilo yebhethri. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abonisa ukuzivumelanisa okunamandla nezinguquko zokushisa, esebenza kahle kakhulu kusuka ku-50°C kuye ku-200°C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kungekho sidingo sokukhathazeka ngokuvuza, amabhethri e-solid-state angakhelwa ngamafomu aguquguqukayo, alungele kahle izakhiwo zesikhulumi sezimoto zikagesi, agcwalise izikhala ezingasetshenziswanga ngaphambili, futhi athuthukise kakhulu amandla amandla we-volumetric amabhethri amandla.

Sekukonke, ukuguqukela kumabhethri aqinile kusuka kulawa asebenzisa uketshezi kumele kube yingqophamlando enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe bamabhethri amandla.

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zabo eziningi zokusebenza, amabhethri aqinile asabhekene nezinselelo ezinkulu ngaphambi kokuthi akwazi ukuhlanganiswa ezimotweni ngempela.

Phakathi kwezinselelo lezi, izinqubo zokukhiqiza nezidingo zemishini yamabhethri aqinile zidinga kakhulu kunalezo zamabhethri anoketshezi. Idatha yomphakathi ibonisa ukuthi izindleko zamabhethri e-lithium-ion anoketshezi cishe zingu-100–150 USD/kWh, kanti amabhethri aqinile abiza phakathi kuka-400–800 USD/kWh, okwenza ukuthi abize izikhathi ezintathu kuya kwezine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokwakha izindawo zokusebenzela ezihlanzekile kakhulu, ezomile ezidingekayo kumabhethri aqinile ziphakeme izikhathi eziningana kunezomigqa yokukhiqiza yamabhethri anoketshezi yakudala.

Ngaphandle kwezindleko, amabhethri aqinile awaphephile neze. Abanye ochwepheshe bemboni baye baqaphela, "Ukubaleka okushisayo ebhethri eliwuketshezi kungafana nesikhwephu esincane - esesabekayo kodwa esinamandla amancane okubhidliza - kanti uma ibhethri eliqinile libhoboza imingcele yalo yokuphepha, kungaba njengesikhwephu esikhulu, esinemiphumela emibi kakhulu." Ngamanye amazwi, umonakalo odalwa ukubaleka okushisayo emabhethri aqinile ungaba mkhulu.

Njengamanje, izindleko eziphakeme kanye nokungaqiniseki kwezokuphepha kuyizithiyo ezinkulu ezisebenzayo ekusetshenzisweni kwamabhethri e-solid-state.

Nokho-ke, ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi nokusetshenziswa kwamabhethri aqinile kungaba yinzuzo enkulu embonini yezimoto ezintsha zamandla, futhi abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi sebevele benze izinhlelo ezicacile zokwamukelwa kwalobu buchwepheshe. U-2027 uyisikhathi esibalulekile sokukhiqizwa ngobuningi okuncane kwamabhethri aqinile, lapho imigqa yokubonisa izoqala ngokusemthethweni ukukhiqiza nokuhlanganiswa kwezimoto. Ngalokho, kuzocaca ukuthi amabhethri aqinile ayisihlebo nje noma yintuthuko yangempela yezobuchwepheshe.