Isifinyezo Semboni Yebhethri Le-Lithium: Ukusheshiswa Kwe-Solid-State, Ukulungiswa Kwezindleko, kanye Nemithetho Emisha Yomncintiswano Oluhlaza

Izintuthuko ezimbalwa ezibalulekile emkhakheni wamabhethri e-lithium zivele muva nje. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe kuya ekushintsheni kwezindleko kanye nemithetho eqinile yomhlaba wonke, umqondo wokuncintisana embonini uyaguqulwa. Sigqamisa izitayela ezintathu okufanele uzibheke ngokushesha.

Ezinyangeni ezedlule, abakhiqizi abahamba phambili bezincwadi zikagesi babuyekeze izinhlelo zabo ze-solid-state. Amabhethri e-semi-solid-state awasagcini emalabhorethri—izinkampani ezisezingeni eliphezulu seziqalile ukuletha amasampula amancane ukuze ahlolwe ezimotweni eziphambili, nokulinganiswa kwamandla okugcina amandla okudlula u-360 Wh/kg kanye nebanga elingadlula kalula amakhilomitha ayi-1,000. Okubaluleke kakhulu, zombili izindlela ze-all-solid-state ezisekelwe ku-sulfide ne-oxide ziqhubeka ngokufana. Amanye amasampula asefinyelele umgomo we-500 Wh/kg, futhi imigqa yokuhlola ingene ekuhloleni ubunjiniyela. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwezimoto ngobuningi kuseneminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu, ingxoxo isishintshile isuka “ekulindeleni i-solid-state” yaya “ekugijimeni ukuze kutholwe izikhundla zokuhlinzeka.”

I-Lithium carbonate yezinga lebhethri iqhubekile nokuhweba ebangeni elincane lika-CNY 90,000–100,000 ngetoni ngekota yesibili ka-2026, izinzile ngemuva kweminyaka yokushintshashintsha okukhulu. Ngokuhlanganiswa nokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqiza, izindleko eziphansi ze-lithium ziye zaphusha amanani we-LFP cell ngaphansi kuka-USD 0.04/Wh, kuyilapho ama-NCM cell nawo eba nokuncintisana okukhulayo. Lokhu kwehliswa kwezindleko kungena ngokushesha ezinhlelweni zokugcina amandla kanye nezimoto zabagibeli ze-A-segment, kuqhube ukulingana kwamanani ekujuleni kwemakethe enkulu. Izinkampani ezivikela izivumelwano zesikhathi eside futhi zithuthukise izu elihle lokugcina impahla phakathi nalesi sikhathi zizokwakha inzuzo yezindleko ehlala njalo.

Ithelo elisha le-EU mayelana namabhethri selisondela esigabeni esibalulekile: kusukela ngo-2027, amabhethri okudonsa kuzofanele amemezele umkhondo wawo wonke we-carbon footprint empilweni yawo yonke. Ukuphendula, abaholi abaningana bezimboni zaseShayina basheshe baqala izinhlelo zokwakha izimboni ezingenakhabhoni, ukuhlinzekwa ngogesi oluhlaza okuqondile, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinkundla zedijithali zokuphatha ikhabhoni. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukugaywa kabusha kwamabhethri kungena esigabeni esikhulu ngempela—abadlali abakhulu baqala ukusebenzisa imigqa emisha yokugaya kabusha nge-hydrometallurgical, lapho amazinga okuthola i-nickel, i-cobalt, ne-lithium edlula ama-95%. Umzekelo womjikelezo ovaliwe wokuthi "ukukhiqiza-ukuthatha umhlalaphansi-ukuvuselela" ususuka ekuqondiseni inqubomgomo uya ekufakeni inzuzo ephathekayo.

Umjaho webhethri eqinile ushintshile ukusuka “embonweni wesikhathi eside” waya “ekugijimeni kobunjiniyela.” Ifasitela le-lithium elingabizi kakhulu ngeke lihlale livulekile unomphela, futhi ukuthobela imithetho eluhlaza sekuba yisidingo sokungena emakethe. Sincoma ukuthi izinkampani ziqhubekele phambili emikhakheni emithathu: tshala imali ekusebenzelaneni okubheke phambili ezinhlelweni ze-solid-state nezinto ezintsha zesizukulwane esilandelayo; sebenzisa ukuzinza kwamanani entengo kwamanje ukuze uthuthukise izindleko zokuhlinzeka kanye namasu amanani entengo; futhi uqale ngokushesha ukuphathwa kwedatha yekhabhoni yomjikelezo wempilo yonke, ukuguqula ukuthobela imithetho kusuka emthwalweni wezindleko kube yinto ehlukanisa uphawu.